PDF 原檔：報告_OCP2026_Google_大型AI負載電網需求與緩解_20261015_original.pdf
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| 檔名 | 頁 | 分類 | 親眼所見內容 |
|---|---|---|---|
報告_OCP2026_Google_大型AI負載電網需求與緩解_20261015_p4.png |
p4 | 文字卡 | 電網需求分類圖：不由 ML 負載驅動（系統容量、故障穿越、故障後有功恢復）與由 ML 負載驅動（爬升率、分鐘內波動、強制振盪）兩組，附各項要求量級（每 5–10 秒不超過 10–25MW 等） |
報告_OCP2026_Google_大型AI負載電網需求與緩解_20261015_p6.png |
p6 | 真資料圖 | 建議 VRT 與 PFAPR 特性表：依 POI 電壓分七個區間（V>1.20、1.10–1.20、0.90–1.10、0.80–0.90、0.50–0.80、0.35–0.50、<0.35 pu）列最短穿越時間（1／正常／2／0.5／0.25／0.15 秒）、穿越期間負載行為與恢復至 90% 負載時限 |
報告_OCP2026_Google_大型AI負載電網需求與緩解_20261015_p7.png |
p7 | 文字卡 | 三種緩解選項卡：韌體更新（PSU 電容儲能）、MV-UPS（中壓雙轉換 UPS）、電網側（SVC、E-STATCOM） |
原始內容
p1
Ashish Upreti Google Mike Della Penna Google Interface Specification Between Hyperscalers and Utility Grid for Disturbance Performance AI OPEN DATA CENTER: Power Distribution
p2
The Catalyst Event 1,500MW SIMULTANEOUS LOAD LOSS July 2024 Northern VA Grid Event ● A July 2024 lightning strike and subsequent protection system clearing attempts drove six voltage depressions and the subsequent loss of approximately 1,500 MW of voltage- sensitive load that was not anticipated by the grid operators. ● This has prompted utilities to investigate stricter interconnection protocols.
p3
Evolving Utility Requirements Past Interconnection Specs Past DC development did not have massive scale and utility requirements were limited Upcoming Stringent Mandates Future scale of DCs (often 100s of MW upto GW+) paired with ML workload power fluctuations are drawing significant utility scrutiny and a whole new class of requirements Current state features significant regional variation While requirements are still finalizing, initial engagements suggest mitigation development efforts are likely needed to comply across software, firmware, hardware
p4
Reqs. in tens of MWs/min limit given gas CT/CCGT dominated contingency reserve fleet Not to exceed [10-25] MWs every 5-10 seconds so as not to impact system frequency Concerns both on low end (inter-area) and high end (SSTI) of frequency spectrum Reqs. driven by ML load profile Reqs. not driven by ML load profile Utility Requirements and Grid Stability - Requirements distilling into key subcategories System capacity Transmission and generation Fault ride through behavior (Voltage Ride Through, Frequency Ride Through) Post-fault active power recovery (PFAPR) Ramp rate Intra-minute fluctuations Forced oscillations 1) inter-area and 2) subsynchronous torsional effects (SSTI) Minutes to hours Seconds to sub-seconds Time domain Loads to hold on through expanded fault ride through curves, including deep LVRT reqs. and Loads to ramp back to 90% of pre- fault load within 0.5-1s of voltage at connection point restoring to 0.9 per unit Fault ride through and PFAPR Ramp rate, fluctuations, and forced oscillations Utility requirements at a glance
p5
To support system frequency stability, utilities driving large loads to ride through a window well beyond the ITI curve (fka CBEMA), and after disconnecting or going to battery/UPS backup, be able to restore pre-fault load quickly Region / Grid Operator Required Timeframe FinGrid (Finland) 90% within 1 second ERCOT (Texas, USA) 90% within 2s AESO (Alberta, Canada) 100% within 1.0 to 10.0 seconds (configurable) Energinet (Denmark) 80% within 5 seconds, then 90% within 30 seconds Low Voltage Ride Through and Post Fault Active Recovery Implications : Meet Performance Requirement beyond ITIC Specification for interconnection requirement. Considerations for backup power transfer logic and load management. Mitigations ● Firmware Updates to the the Power Supply (Rectifiers, LV UPS firmware Updates) ● Energy Storage (e.g., Super Capacitors, BESS) for ride through and Load Mimicking ● Expansion of Equipment Capabilities for ride through ● Considerations for Mechanical Equipments.
p6
Proposed VRT and PFAPR Characteristics Line to neutral or line to line voltage as measured at POI (p.u. of nominal voltage “V”) Minimum Ride-Through Time Before Transfer to Backup Allowed (seconds) Load Behavior During Ride Through Operational commitment once POI voltage returns to 0.90 ≤ V ≤ 1.10 “PFAPR” V > 1.20 May transfer to backup instantaneously N/A N/A 1.10 < V ≤ 1.20 1 Maintain constant power N/A 0.90 ≤ V ≤ 1.10 Normal range, continuous operation Maintain constant power N/A 0.80 ≤ V < 0.90 2 Continue consuming active power from the grid. May reduce power in proportion to V. restore to 90% of pre-fault load within 2 seconds 0.50 ≤ V < 0.80 0.5 Continue consuming active power from the grid. May reduce power in proportion to V. restore to 90% of pre-fault load within 2 seconds 0.35 ≤ V < 0.50 0.25 May reduce power to any value restore to 90% of pre-fault load within 2 seconds V < 0.35 0.15 May reduce power to any value restore to 90% of pre-fault load within 2 seconds
p7
Mitigation Options Firmware Updates Concept: Modify rack-level low- voltage (LV) rectifier/PSU firmware to utilize capacitor stored energy during disturbances. OEM Specific: Highly dependent on original equipment manufacturers. Each OEM has unique designs, making global feasibility timelines impossible to define. Consideration: Grid grandfathering schemes should account for varying models across hyperscaler fleets based on workload demands. MV-UPS Deployments Alternative: Explore in-line double conversion medium-voltage UPS (MVUPS) schemes instead of rack- mounted LV PSUs. Stored Energy: Custom firmware can allow MVUPS energy storage to ride through voltage anomalies. Retrofit Limits: Adding MVUPS to existing facilities is highly space- dependent and usually too costly/disruptive to be practical. Grid-Side Mitigations Strategy: Utilities deploy dynamic reactive power support equipment in high data center density zones. Goal: Reduces severity of voltage sag/swell at the facility Point of Interconnection (POI) to stabilize the overall grid. Equipment: SVCs and E-STATCOMs inject reactive power instantaneously. E-STATCOMs excel in weak-grid conditions by maintaining current injection.
p8
Implementation Plan Considerations & Outline Because enabling LVRT and PFAPR cannot be assumed to be a straightforward software or firmware update in all cases, the OCP hyperscalers propose the following outline for a workable implementation plan: 01 Specific Effective Date: A specific effective date is established for the disturbance performance requirement. 02 Grandfathered Facilities: Facilities that are already operational or that have executed interconnection agreements as of the effective date would not be required to comply for the lifetime of the facilities. 03 Site Growth Limits: Growth at an already operational site above and beyond already executed interconnection agreement volume as of the effective date would be subject to the requirements, but only for the incremental volume (i.e. incremental growth at an existing site doesn’t trigger retroactive application of the requirements for previously grandfathered facilities). 04 Voluntary Compliance: Best-effort voluntary compliance pathways are established for grandfathered facilities and supported by utility engagement and possible incentives. 05 New Facilities: Facilities entering load study and contracting after the effective date would be expected to comply upon commencing operations.
p9
Next Steps & Call to Action Oct 2026 Step 1: Publication Goal “VRT and PFAFPR” Version 1.0 Q4 2026 Step 2: Drafting and Alignment “Power Ramp and Fluctuations” Version 1.0 Q1 2027 Step 3: Publication Goal “Power Ramp and Fluctuations” Version 1.0 Call to Action Participate and Support from broader industry Utility Partners Industry Partners Research Institutions OEM vendors ● PSU for IT Infrastructure ● LV / MV UPS Manufacturer ● Cooling Infrastructure Providers ● Grid Stability Solution Providers
p10
Open Discussion