報告_OCP2026_Evonik_Oleon_酯類浸沒液特性_20261015

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原始內容

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Dr. Stefan Maier, Technical Program Lead at Evonik Industries AG Dr. Beau Van Vaerenbergh, Technical Program Lead at Oleon NV Dr. Valentina Serra-Holm, VP Engineering Fluid at Perstorp AB [9046] Moving Beyond Interchangeability: Characterizing Esters among Coolants for Immersion Cooling Environments Immersion Project

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Chemistry Provides the Path to Coolant Standardization PG25 may be PG25, but immersion coolants are not entirely interchangeable. Chemistry is the primary driver of coolant behavior and should be the basis for standardization.

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Fire Safety Must Be Evaluated Together with Cooling Performance Thermal performance metrics matter, but fire safety is paramount. Benchmarking against flash point enables a more comprehensive fluid evaluation. Low viscosity and high density are the key factors contributing to the difference between hydrocarbons and esters.

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Evaluation of Cooling Performance in Application Grp IV Ester A ASTM D93 flashpoint [°C] 155 160 Kinematic viscosity at 40°C [cSt] 5.2 4.5 FOM1 62 65 Both fluids have comparable flashpoint at the lower end of the OCP specification, low viscosity and high FOM1. Natural convection test rig 500 W per server 20L of fluid per cassette Cooling water temperature controlled by thermostat ΔTFluid (=Toutlet-Tinlet) [K]

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Confirmation of Test Results With Active Circulation Grp IV Ester A ASTM D93 flashpoint [°C] 155 160 Kinematic viscosity at 40°C [cSt] 5.2 4.5 FOM1 62 65 Good correlation of temperatures from both test rigs with FOM1 over a broad range of viscosities from 4-30 cSt. To fully utilize the potential of a fluid, the equipment must be adjusted to its properties. Active fluid circulation TTV: thermal test vehicle 35L of coolant Up to 4L/m flow rate Server + TTV to simulate a GPU Fluid inlet- temperature controlled

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Esters Show Distinct Dielectric Behavior • Signal transmission is influenced by interactions with the surrounding medium: air vs. liquid. • Ester groups have a dipole moment that aligns with an electric field, increasing relative permittivity. • At high frequencies, dipoles cannot reorient fast enough, reducing their contribution to relative permittivity. Relative permittivity of esters is close to hydrocarbons in the relevant GHz range. Next industry challenge: move from air to immersion- proof interconnect designs. ∆

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Dielectric-Safety Performance & Moisture 1 Why Moisture Limits Differ Between Fluid Chemistries Dielectric performance is more closely related to relative moisture saturation than absolute water content. Same Relative Saturation = Similar Moisture Stress = Similar DBV Response Mineral Oil Water Content at 50% of Saturation Limit Hydrocarbon Fluid Water Content at 50% of Saturation Limit Ester Fluid Water Content at 50% of Saturation Limit 0% 50% 100% Dry Saturation Limit 50% Relative Saturation = Similar Moisture Stress Similar DBV Response 0% 50% 100% Dry Saturation Limit Similar DBV Response 0% 50% 100% Dry Saturation Limit Similar DBV Response 50% Relative Saturation = Similar Moisture Stress 50% Relative Saturation = Similar Moisture Stress KEY FACTS Compare Relative Saturation, Not Just Water Content Focus on relative saturation to ensure accurate dielectric-safety assessments across different fluids. Water solubility differs significantly between fluid chemistries The same ppm value can represent different moisture conditions Breakdown voltage decreases as relative saturation increases Moisture limits are chemistry-dependent, not universal

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Laboratory Stress Test: Dielectric Stability Following Forced Moisture Exposure Under a Worst-Case Humidity Scenario Dielectric-Safety Performance & Moisture 2 • Exposure at ambient temperature for 6 Days • Water content increased initially, stabilizing at ~0.11–0.12% to the maximum saturation limit. • Acid number remained constant, indicating no significant hydrolysis. • Volume resistivity and dissipation factor showed only minor changes despite moisture saturation, indicating stable dielectric performance. ■Breakdown Voltage (kV) — Water Content (wt%) Ester B: Water Uptake and Dielectric Performance Under Forced Extreme Humidity Exposure

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0 4 8 12 16 20 PVC1 PVC2 PUR Group IV Ester C Material compatibility follows chemistry, not product name. Esters can be tailored at the molecular level for compatibility with key ITE components. Advocating for OCP ‘Engineered Esters’ Material Compatibility Data Sheet. |∆V| (%) OCP Material Compatibility guidelines (80°C, 336 hours) For Ester C: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), adhesive A1 > polyurethane rubber (PUR), adhesive A2. 1. Esters provide molecular design flexibility, enabling compatibility with legacy server materials. 2. Materials can demonstrate compatibility across both Group IV and ester chemistries. 0 1 A1 A2 Group IV Ester C Dissolution Understanding Chemistry Facilitates Material Review

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Sustainability & Safe Handling Chemistry-driven standardization simplifies deployment across regions and life cycles. Regulatory • Supports compliance with existing EHS frameworks. • Reduces complexity associated with region- specific environmental requirements. Fully miscible with hydrocarbon fluids, simplifying transition and maintenance. Sustainability metrics can be standardized through: • Biodegradability • Toxicity • Handling classification • Life-cycle methodologies Operational Sustainability Standarization Supports common handling, storage and transport practices. • Engineered esters are readily biodegradable. • Engineered esters has a low environmental persistence.

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Building a Standardization Framework Standardization requires understanding which properties are chemistry-dependent and defining test methods and acceptance criteria for each of them. Thermal performance & fire safety Safe operation in immersion environment Signal transmission Moisture management Material-liquid interactions Environmental impact and safe handling through full product life cycle Dielectric performance Compatibility Sustainability & safe handling

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Proven Today Points of Attention Thermal performance & fire safety Low-viscosity esters can match Group IV cooling performance while maintaining high flash point. Standardization of thermal performance test method to ensure comparability. Relative permittivity Ester dielectric behavior is predictable and converges toward hydrocarbons at GHz frequencies. Moving from air towards immersion-proof interconnect design. Hygroscopicity Moisture limits are chemistry-dependent, not universal. Method to saturate coolants with water missing Sustainability & handling Esters offer strong environmental and safety credentials. Selection of vapor pressure method for esters. Compatibility Compatibility is chemistry-dependent and can be engineered through molecular design. Material selection guidelines per chemistry class for ITE. Building a Standardization Framework

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• Problem to solve • Let's create evidence-based standardization for engineered esters in single-phase immersion cooling. Let’s build on the transformer industry's 40+ years of expertise in dealing with various fluid chemistries. • Get involved • Where to find additional information? • Evonik Immersion Cooling Solutions • Oleon Server Immersion Cooling | Oleon • Perstorp Thermal management fluids Call to Action

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Thank You! Cooling Environments Immersion Project